{"id":89305,"date":"2022-03-21T12:29:02","date_gmt":"2022-03-21T11:29:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=89305"},"modified":"2022-12-05T12:31:04","modified_gmt":"2022-12-05T11:31:04","slug":"author-date","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/chicago-style\/author-date\/","title":{"rendered":"Chicago Author-Date Style | A Complete Guide to Citing Sources"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Chicago Manual of Style<\/em> provides guidelines for two styles of source citation: notes and bibliography<\/a> and author-date. Author-date style is the preferred option in the sciences and social sciences.<\/p>\n

In author-date style, an in-text citation<\/a> consists of the author\u2019s name, the publication year, and (if relevant) a page number. Each citation must correspond to an entry in the reference list at the end of your paper, where you give full details of the source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Chicago author-date style<\/caption>\n
Chicago author-date citation<\/a><\/td>\n(McGuire 2016, 22)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chicago reference entry<\/a><\/td>\nMcGuire, Ian. 2016. The North Water<\/em>. London: Simon & Schuster.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free reference generator:<\/figure>\n

Chicago Reference Generator<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Using author-date in-text citations<\/h2>\n

In Chicago author-date style, you cite sources in parentheses<\/a> in the text. The citation includes the author\u2019s last name followed by the year of publication, with no punctuation<\/a> in between:<\/p>\n

(Smith 2012)<\/p>\n

If you refer to a specific part of the text (particularly when quoting<\/a> or paraphrasing<\/a>), you should also add a page number or page range to direct the reader to the relevant passage. The page number appears after a comma<\/a> and the first and last page are separated by an en dash<\/a>.<\/p>\n

(Smith 2012, 21\u201322)<\/p>\n

Placement of in-text citations<\/h3>\n

A citation usually appears at the end of the relevant clause, sentence or quotation, before any concluding punctuation. If multiple citations are needed at the same point, they should appear in the same set of parentheses separated by a semicolon<\/a>:<\/p>\n

Previous researchers have argued that the evidence is insufficient to confirm a correlation (Smith 2012; Johnson 2015)<\/span>, but new evidence suggests this consensus may be mistaken (McDonald 2018).<\/p>\n

If the researcher\u2019s name is already mentioned in the text, the citation should appear straight after it and include only the date. If quoting, add a page number directly after the quote:<\/p>\n

Smith (2012)<\/span> argues that there is reason to believe this method has \u201cgreat potential\u201d (31)<\/span>. However, Johnson\u2019s (2015)<\/span> experiment fails to bear out this assertion.<\/p>\n

Creating a reference list<\/h2>\n

The reference list appears at the end of your paper, and provides more detailed information about the sources you cited.<\/p>\n

Each entry in the reference list also begins with the author\u2019s last name and the publication date, so that your reader can easily find any source they encounter in the text:<\/p>\n

Smith, James. 2012. Example Book<\/em>. New York: Norton.<\/p>\n

Your reference list is usually titled \u201cReferences\u201d or \u201cWorks Cited.\u201d It is alphabetized by author last name. It is single-spaced, unlike the main text<\/a>, but a blank line is left between entries.<\/p>\n

Entries which extend onto more than one line have a \u201changing indent<\/a>,\u201d which means the second and any subsequent lines are indented:<\/p>\n

Garcia M\u00e1rquez, Gabriel. 1988. Love in the Time of Cholera<\/em>. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape.<\/span><\/p>\n

Below is an example of what a typical reference list looks like:<\/p>\n

\"Chicago<\/a><\/p>\n

Format of reference list entries<\/h2>\n

The format of the entry varies somewhat according to what type of source you\u2019re citing. Examples for various source types are given below.<\/p>\n

Book citation<\/a><\/h3>\n

Book citations include the title in italics, the place of publication and the publisher. If the book gives an edition on the title page, include this. Add the names of any editors and translators, and add a URL, DOI<\/a> or e-book format if you consulted a digital version.<\/p>\n

\n