{"id":469817,"date":"2023-01-27T19:13:47","date_gmt":"2023-01-27T18:13:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=469817"},"modified":"2023-06-22T10:19:11","modified_gmt":"2023-06-22T08:19:11","slug":"action-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/methodology\/action-research\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is Action Research? | Definition &#038; Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-7 col-12\"><strong>Action research<\/strong> is a research method that aims to simultaneously investigate and solve an issue. In other words, as its name suggests, action research conducts research and takes action at the same time. It was first coined as a term in 1944 by MIT professor Kurt Lewin.A highly interactive method, action research is often used in the social sciences, particularly in educational settings. Particularly popular with educators as a form of systematic inquiry, it prioritizes reflection and bridges the gap between theory and practice. Due to the nature of the research, it is also sometimes called a <strong>cycle of action<\/strong> or a <strong>cycle of inquiry<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-5 col-12\">\n<p><a class=\"colorbox\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads//2023//04//action-research-cycle.webp/"><img decoding=\"async\" src=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads//2023//04//action-research-cycle-preview.webp/" alt=\"Action research Cycle\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"types\">Types of action research<\/h2>\n<p>There are 2 common types of action research: participatory action research and practical action research.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"pb-2\"><strong>Participatory action research<\/strong> emphasizes that participants should be members of the community being studied, empowering those directly affected by outcomes of said research. In this method, participants are effectively co-researchers, with their lived experiences considered formative to the research process.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Practical action research<\/strong> focuses more on how research is conducted and is designed to address and solve specific issues.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Both types of action research are more focused on increasing the capacity and ability of future practitioners than contributing to a theoretical body of knowledge.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"action-research-models\">Action research models<\/h2>\n<p>Action research is often reflected in 3 action research models: operational (sometimes called technical), collaboration, and critical reflection.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"pb-2\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Operational (or technical) action research<\/strong> is usually visualized like a spiral following a series of steps, such as \u201cplanning \u2192 acting \u2192 observing \u2192 reflecting.\u201d<\/li>\n<li class=\"pb-2\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Collaboration action research<\/strong> is more community-based, focused on building a network of similar individuals (e.g., college professors in a given geographic area) and compiling learnings from iterated feedback cycles.<\/li>\n<li class=\"pb-2\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Critical reflection action research<\/strong> serves to contextualize systemic processes that are already ongoing (e.g., working retroactively to analyze existing school systems by questioning why certain practices were put into place and developed the way they did).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"examples\">Examples of action research<\/h2>\n<p>Action research is often used in fields like education because of its iterative and flexible style.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Example: Participatory action research<\/figcaption>As part of an ongoing commitment to improve school facilities for students with disabilities, an action research plan asked students using wheelchairs to time how long it took them to get to and from various points on school grounds.<\/p>\n<p>After the information was collected, the students were asked where they thought ramps or other accessibility measures would be best utilized, and the suggestions were sent to school administrators.<\/figure>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Example: Practical action research<\/figcaption>Science teachers at your city\u2019s high school have been witnessing a year-over-year decline in standardized test scores in chemistry. In seeking the source of this issue, they studied how concepts are taught in depth, focusing on the methods, tools, and approaches used by each teacher.<\/p>\n<p>They found that there had been no change in how chemistry was taught in the last decade\u2014with no incorporation of more modernized teaching approaches or useful online tools. Teachers resolved to implement more modern techniques in their teaching to see if that could improve scores.<\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"action-vs-traditional\">Action research vs. traditional research<\/h2>\n<p>Action research differs sharply from other types of research in that it seeks to produce actionable processes over the course of the research rather than contributing to existing knowledge or drawing conclusions from datasets. In this way, action research is <strong>formative<\/strong>, not <strong>summative<\/strong>, and is conducted in an ongoing, iterative way.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-table full-width\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\"><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 40%;\">Action research<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 40%;\">Traditional research<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Purpose<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Solve immediate problems<\/li>\n<li>Improve existing systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Draw conclusions from data<\/li>\n<li>Advance existing knowledge<\/li>\n<li>Provide <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//generalizability///">generalizable<\/a> and <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//types-of-reliability///">reliable<\/a> findings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Context<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Reactive, derived from surroundings<\/li>\n<li>Usually not theoretical in nature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Focused on crafting strong <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//hypothesis///">hypotheses<\/a> and seeking <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//correlation-vs-causation///">causal relationships<\/a> between variables<\/li>\n<li>Derived from theory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Significance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Practical<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Statistical<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>As such, action research is different in purpose, context, and significance and is a good fit for those seeking to implement systemic change.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"advantages-disadvantages\">Advantages and disadvantages of action research<\/h2>\n<p>Action research comes with advantages and disadvantages.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"advantages\">Advantages<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\n<li class=\"pb-2\" aria-level=\"1\">Action research is <strong>highly adaptable<\/strong>, allowing researchers to mold their analysis to their individual needs and implement practical individual-level changes.<\/li>\n<li class=\"pb-2\" aria-level=\"1\">Action research provides an <strong>immediate and actionable path<\/strong> forward for solving entrenched issues, rather than suggesting complicated, longer-term solutions rooted in complex data.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">Done correctly, action research can be very <strong>empowering<\/strong>, informing social change and allowing participants to effect that change in ways meaningful to their communities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"disadvantages\">Disadvantages<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"kb-errorlist\">\n<li class=\"pb-2\" aria-level=\"1\">Due to their flexibility, action research studies are plagued by very <strong>limited <\/strong><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//generalizability///"><strong>generalizability<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and are very <strong>difficult to <\/strong><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//reproducibility-repeatability-replicability///"><strong>replicate<\/strong><\/a>. They are often not considered theoretically rigorous due to the power the researcher holds in drawing conclusions.<\/li>\n<li class=\"pb-2\" aria-level=\"1\">Action research can be <strong>complicated to structure in an <\/strong><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//research-ethics///"><strong>ethical<\/strong><\/a><strong> manner<\/strong>. Participants may feel pressured to participate or to participate in a certain way.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">Action research is at <strong>high risk for <\/strong><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//selection-bias///"><strong>research biases<\/strong><\/a> such as <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//selection-bias///">selection bias<\/a>, <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//social-desirability-bias///">social desirability bias<\/a>, or other types of <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//cognitive-bias///">cognitive biases<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"other\">Other interesting articles<\/h2>\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">If you want to know more about <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//category//statistics///" class=\"ProsemirrorEditor-link\">statistics<\/a>, <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//category//methodology///" class=\"ProsemirrorEditor-link\">methodology<\/a>, or <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//faq-category//research-bias///" class=\"ProsemirrorEditor-link\">research bias<\/a>, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.<\/p>\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background-color: #e8f2fc; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\n<p><strong><em class=\"fa fa-bar-chart\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/em>Statistics<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//normal-distribution///">Normal distribution<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//skewness///">Skewness<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//kurtosis///">Kurtosis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//degrees-of-freedom///">Degrees of freedom<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//variance///">Variance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//null-and-alternative-hypotheses///">Null hypothesis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background-color: #e8f2fc; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\n<p><strong><em class=\"fa fa-list-ul\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/em> Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//discourse-analysis///">Discourse analysis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//control-group///">Control groups<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//mixed-methods-research///">Mixed methods research<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//non-probability-sampling///">Non-probability sampling<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//quantitative-research///">Quantitative research<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//inclusion-exclusion-criteria///">Inclusion and exclusion criteria<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background-color: #e8f2fc; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\n<p><strong><em class=\"fa fa-globe\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/em> Research bias<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//pygmalion-effect///">Rosenthal effect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//implicit-bias///">Implicit bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//cognitive-bias///">Cognitive bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//selection-bias///">Selection bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//negativity-bias///">Negativity bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//status-quo-bias///">Status quo bias<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <h2>Frequently asked questions about action research<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"faq-list faq-list--arrows w-100 my-5\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"whats-the-difference-between-action-research-and-a-case-study\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//whats-the-difference-between-action-research-and-a-case-study///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What\u2019s the difference between action research and a case study?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"whats-the-difference-between-action-research-and-a-case-study-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//action-research///"><strong>Action research<\/strong><\/a> is conducted in order to solve a particular issue immediately, while <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//case-study///">case studies<\/a> are often conducted over a longer period of time and focus more on observing and analyzing a particular ongoing phenomenon.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"what-is-the-main-purpose-of-action-research\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//what-is-the-main-purpose-of-action-research///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is the main purpose of action research?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"what-is-the-main-purpose-of-action-research-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//action-research///"><strong>Action research<\/strong><\/a> is focused on solving a problem or informing individual and community-based knowledge in a way that impacts teaching, learning, and other related processes. It is less focused on contributing theoretical input, instead producing actionable input.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"how-is-action-research-used-in-education\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//how-is-action-research-used-in-education///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        How is action research used in education?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"how-is-action-research-used-in-education-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//action-research///"><strong>Action research<\/strong><\/a> is particularly popular with educators as a form of systematic inquiry because it prioritizes reflection and bridges the gap between theory and practice. Educators are able to simultaneously investigate an issue as they solve it, and the method is very iterative and flexible.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"what-is-a-cycle-of-inquiry\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//what-is-a-cycle-of-inquiry///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is a cycle of inquiry?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"what-is-a-cycle-of-inquiry-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>A <strong>cycle of inquiry<\/strong> is another name for <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//action-research///"><strong>action research<\/strong><\/a>. It is usually visualized in a spiral shape following a series of steps, such as \u201cplanning \u2192 acting \u2192 observing \u2192 reflecting.\u201d<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Action research is a research method that aims to simultaneously investigate and solve an issue. In other words, as its name suggests, action research conducts research and takes action at the same time. It was first coined as a term in 1944 by MIT professor Kurt Lewin.A highly interactive method, action research is often used [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":133,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[23650],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>What Is Action Research? | Definition &amp; Examples<\/title>\n<!-- Added by HTTrack --><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /><!-- /Added by HTTrack -->
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