{"id":378490,"date":"2022-05-06T11:58:52","date_gmt":"2022-05-06T09:58:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=378490"},"modified":"2023-08-15T16:19:36","modified_gmt":"2023-08-15T14:19:36","slug":"hypothesis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/methodology\/hypothesis\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps &#038; Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A <strong>hypothesis<\/strong> is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//experimental-design///">experiment<\/a> or <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//data-collection///">data collection<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\">\n<h6>Example: Hypothesis<\/h6>\n<p>Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor\u2019s visits.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<div class=\"card youtubeContainer\"><iframe src=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.youtube.com//embed//PCgLjDDD4ek?rel=0\%22 frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"hypothesis\">What is a hypothesis?<\/h2>\n<p>A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-process//research-questions///">research question<\/a> that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.<\/p>\n<p>A hypothesis is not just a guess \u2013 it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//category//methodology///">research methods<\/a> (such as experiments, <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//observational-study///">observations<\/a> and <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"//?cat_ID=34372\%22>statistical analysis<\/a> of data).<\/p>\n<h3 d=\"variables\">Variables in hypotheses<\/h3>\n<p>Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//independent-and-dependent-variables///">types of variables<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>An <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//independent-and-dependent-variables//#independent\"><span class=\"highlight-blue\">independent variable<\/span><\/a> is something the researcher changes or controls.<\/li>\n<li>A <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//independent-and-dependent-variables//#dependent\"><span class=\"highlight-purple\">dependent variable<\/span><\/a> is something the researcher observes and measures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If there are any <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//control-variable///">control variables<\/a>, <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//extraneous-variables///">extraneous variables<\/a>, or <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//confounding-variables///">confounding variables<\/a>, be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//faq-category//research-bias///">research bias<\/a>\u00a0will affect your results.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Example: Hypothesis<\/figcaption>Daily exposure to the sun leads to increased levels of happiness.<\/figure>\n<p>In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun\u00a0\u2013 the assumed <span class=\"highlight-blue\">cause<\/span>. The dependent variable is the level of happiness\u00a0\u2013 the assumed <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//commonly-confused-words//affect-vs-effect///"><span class=\"highlight-purple\">effect<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"developing\">Developing a hypothesis (with example)<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"question\">Step 1. Ask a question<\/h3>\n<p>Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Example: Research question<\/figcaption>Do students who attend more lectures get better exam results?<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"preliminary\">Step 2. Do some preliminary research<\/h3>\n<p>Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//dissertation//literature-review///">theories and previous studies<\/a> to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.<\/p>\n<p>At this stage, you might construct a <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//conceptual-framework///">conceptual framework<\/a> to ensure that you&#8217;re embarking on a <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-process//relevance-dissertation-topic///">relevant topic<\/a>. This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you&#8217;ll have to <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//dissertation//operationalization///">operationalize<\/a> more complex constructs.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"formulate\">Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis<\/h3>\n<p>Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Example: Formulating your hypothesis<\/figcaption>Attending more lectures leads to better exam results.<\/figure>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Tip<\/figcaption>AI tools like ChatGPT can be effectively used to brainstorm potential hypotheses. To learn how to use these tools responsibly, see our <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//ai-writing///">AI writing<\/a> resources page.<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"refine\">4. Refine your hypothesis<\/h3>\n<p>You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\n<li>The relevant variables<\/li>\n<li>The specific group being studied<\/li>\n<li>The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"phrase\">5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways<\/h3>\n<p>To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in\u00a0<em>if&#8230;then<\/em> form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">If a first-year student starts attending more <span>lectures<\/span>, then their <span>exam scores<\/span> will improve.<\/figure>\n<p>In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//correlational-research///">correlations<\/a> or effects, where you directly state the predicted <span class=\"highlight-green\">relationship<\/span> between variables.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a <span class=\"highlight-green\">positive effect<\/span> on their exam scores.<\/figure>\n<p>If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what <span class=\"highlight-yellow\">difference<\/span> you expect to find between them.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">First-year students who attended most lectures will have <span class=\"highlight-yellow\">better<\/span> exam scores <span class=\"highlight-yellow\">than<\/span> those who attended few lectures.<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"null\">6. Write a null hypothesis<\/h3>\n<p>If your research involves statistical <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//hypothesis-testing///">hypothesis testing<\/a>, you will also have to write a <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//null-and-alternative-hypotheses///">null hypothesis<\/a>. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H<sub>0<\/sub>, while the <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//null-and-alternative-hypotheses//#alternative\">alternative hypothesis<\/a> is H<sub>1<\/sub> or H<sub>a<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>H<sub>0<\/sub>:<\/strong> The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores.<\/li>\n<li><strong>H<sub>1<\/sub>:<\/strong> The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"example\">Hypothesis examples<\/h2>\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"30%\">Research question<\/th>\n<th>Hypothesis<\/th>\n<th width=\"30%\">Null hypothesis<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>What are the health benefits of eating an apple a day?<\/td>\n<td>Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will result in decreasing frequency of doctor\u2019s visits.<\/td>\n<td>Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will have no effect on frequency of doctor\u2019s visits.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Which airlines have the most delays?<\/td>\n<td>Low-cost airlines are more likely to have delays than premium airlines.<\/td>\n<td>Low-cost and premium airlines are equally likely to have delays.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Can flexible work arrangements improve job satisfaction?<\/td>\n<td>Employees who have flexible working hours will report greater job satisfaction than employees who work fixed hours.<\/td>\n<td>There is no relationship between working hour flexibility and job satisfaction.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>How effective is high school sex education at reducing teen pregnancies?<\/td>\n<td>Teenagers who received sex education lessons throughout high school will have lower rates of unplanned pregnancy <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//commonly-confused-words//then-vs-than///">than<\/a> teenagers who did not receive any sex education.<\/td>\n<td>High school sex education has no effect on teen pregnancy rates.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>What effect does daily use of social media have on the attention span of under-16s?<\/td>\n<td>There is a negative <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//correlation-vs-causation///">correlation<\/a> between time spent on social media and attention span in under-16s.<\/td>\n<td>There is no relationship between social media use and attention span in under-16s.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"other\">Other interesting articles<\/h2>\n<p>If you want to know more about the <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//category//research-process///">research process<\/a>, <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//category//methodology///">methodology<\/a>, <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//faq-category//research-bias///">research bias<\/a>, or <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//category//statistics///">statistics<\/a>, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.<\/p>\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background-color: #e8f2fc; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\n<p><strong><em class=\"fa fa-user-circle\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/em>Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//sampling-methods///">Sampling methods<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//simple-random-sampling///">Simple random sampling<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//stratified-sampling///">Stratified sampling<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//cluster-sampling///">Cluster sampling<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//likert-scale///">Likert scales<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//reproducibility-repeatability-replicability///">Reproducibility<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background-color: #e8f2fc; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\n<p><strong><em class=\"fa fa-book\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/em>\u00a0Statistics<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//null-and-alternative-hypotheses///">Null hypothesis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//statistical-power///">Statistical power<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//probability-distributions///">Probability distribution<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//effect-size///">Effect size<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//kurtosis///">Kurtosis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//poisson-distribution///">Poisson distribution<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background-color: #e8f2fc; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\n<p><strong><em class=\"fa fa-globe\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/em> Research bias<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//optimism-bias///">Optimism bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//cognitive-bias///">Cognitive bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//implicit-bias///">Implicit bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//hawthorne-effect///">Hawthorne effect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//anchoring-bias///">Anchoring bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-bias//explicit-bias///">Explicit bias<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <h2>Frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"faq-list faq-list--arrows w-100 my-5\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"what-is-a-hypothesis\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//what-is-a-hypothesis///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is a hypothesis?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"what-is-a-hypothesis-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>A <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//hypothesis///"><strong>hypothesis<\/strong><\/a> states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//research-process//research-questions///">research question<\/a> that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.<\/p>\n<p>A hypothesis is not just a guess \u2014 it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//category//methodology///">research methods<\/a> (such as experiments, observations and <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"//?cat_ID=34372\%22>statistical analysis<\/a> of data).<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"null-vs-alternative-hypothesis\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//null-vs-alternative-hypothesis///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What are null and alternative hypotheses?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"null-vs-alternative-hypothesis-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//null-and-alternative-hypotheses///">Null and alternative hypotheses<\/a> are used in statistical <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//hypothesis-testing///">hypothesis testing<\/a>. The <strong>null hypothesis<\/strong> of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the <strong>alternative hypothesis<\/strong> states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"what-is-hypothesis-testing\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//what-is-hypothesis-testing///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is hypothesis testing?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"what-is-hypothesis-testing-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//statistics//hypothesis-testing///">Hypothesis testing<\/a> is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//hypothesis///">hypotheses<\/a>, by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//methodology//types-of-variables///">variables<\/a> could have arisen by chance.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection. Example: Hypothesis Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor\u2019s visits.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[23650],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps &amp; Examples<\/title>\n<!-- Added by HTTrack --><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /><!-- /Added by HTTrack -->
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